FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT AND EARNINGS SURVEY, 2016 TANZANIA MAINLAND
Tanzania, 2016
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Reference ID
TZA-NBS-EES-2016-v01
Producer(s)
National Bureau of Statistics
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Jan 29, 2024
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Jan 29, 2024
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Identification
Survey ID Number
TZA-NBS-EES-2016-v01
Title
FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT AND EARNINGS SURVEY, 2016 TANZANIA MAINLAND
Country
| Name | Country code |
|---|---|
| Tanzania | TZA |
Study type
Enterprise Survey [en/oth]
Series Information
The survey was undertaken between July and December 2016 and enquired about the status of employment and earnings with reference to 30th June 2016. The history of the Employment and Earnings Surveys (EES) in Tanzania goes back to 1963 when the first post-independence survey was launched and this survey is the twelfth after the 2001 EES.
Abstract
The EESs are conducted by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), as mandated by Statistics Act 2015, which empowers NBS to collect, compile and disseminate official statistics in the country. The summary is presented for the six main topical areas namely:- Employment Profile; Wage Rates Profile; Cash Earnings Profile; Annual Wage Bill Profile; Newly Recruited Workers; and Job Vacancies.
Employment Profile
The findings on employment profile reveal an increase in total employment in the formal sector from 2,334,969 employees in 2015 to 2,599,311 employees in 2016; which is an increase of 308,951 employees. The majority of employees are employed in the private sector (1,748,695 private and 850,616 public). Proportion of regular employment has increased from 88.2 percent in 2015 to 92.9 percent in 2016, while casual employment has decreased from 11.8 percent in 2015 to 7.1 under the same span of time. Education industry had the largest share of total employment with 18.5 percent followed by manufacturing industry (18.1 percent); and public administration and defence, compulsory social security industry with 13.6 percent of total employment. It is also indicated that there are more adult employees under regular employment (63.2 percent) compared to youth employees who accounted for 36.8 percent of the total regular employees. With regard to disability status, the results indicate that, there were 3,935 employees (about 0.2 percent of total employment in the formal sector) with various types of disabilities. The results also show that, Dar es Salaam region had the largest proportion of employment, with 31.2 percent of all employees, followed by Morogoro region (10.9 percent) and Arusha region (6.8 percent).
Wage Rates Profile
Regarding the wage rates of employees in the formal sector, the findings show that, overall in 2016, majority of citizen employees (22.9 percent) earned monthly wages between TZS 500,001 and 900,000. In the private sector however, there were more citizen employees in lower wage rates with 17.8 percent earning monthly wages between TZS 150,001 and 300,000 and 14.6 percent earning between TZS 100,001 and 150,000. For the public sector, about 15.3 percent of citizen employees earned between TZS 500,001 and 900,000 and about 8.1 percent earned monthly wages between TZS 300,001 and TZS 500,000. The findings also reveal that, about 4.5 percent of all citizen employees earned TZS 1,500,000 or above, with a slightly larger proportion in the private sector (2.7 percent) than public sector (1.8 percent).
Financial and insurance activities had the highest proportion of employees (33.3 percent) earning wages above TZS 1,500,000 followed by information and communication industry (22.1 percent). Conversely, construction, wholesale and retail trade and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles activities had larger proportions of their employees in lower wage rates between TZS 150,001 and 300,000.
Cash Earnings Profile
The findings indicate that, overall monthly average cash earnings for employees in the formal sector surged up slightly from TZS 403,729 in 2015 to TZS 448,462 in 2016. Monthly cash earnings in the public sector increased from TZS 1,063,064 in 2015 to TZS 1,243,945 in 2016, whereas in the private sector it increased slightly from TZS 353,589 to 362,400. The results boldly note that, on average, cash earnings for employees in the public sector were three times as much as that of the private sector.
In addition, analysis of monthly cash earnings by sector reveals that, parastatal organizations had the highest monthly average cash earnings of TZS 1,452,326, while profit making institutions had the lowest monthly average cash earnings of TZS 339,229. It is also found that in 2016, financial and insurance activities had the highest monthly average cash earnings of TZS 1,388,070 followed by public administration and defense; compulsory social security with TZS 1,292,652.
Annual Wage Bill Profile
Analysis on annual wage bill indicates that, overall, employers in public and private sectors had collective annual wage bill of TZS 23,637 billion in 2016, with employers in private sector having higher annual wage bill than in the public sector. The largest annual wage bills were incurred by employers in private profit- making institutions amounting to TZS 9,536 billion followed by employers in private nonprofit -making institutions with TZS 5,295 billion. Employers in parastatal institutions, including both non - profit and profit - making institutions had relatively smaller annual wage bills of TZS 662 billion and TZS 236 billion respectively. Results on annual wage bill by industry indicates that, the largest proportion of wage bill were in the education industry with 20.4 percent. Public administration and defence; compulsory social security had the second largest annual wage bill of 16.6 percent.
Newly Recruited Workers
The findings on the newly recruited workers reveal that, total number of newly recruited workers in 2016 was 69,639 of which 34,594 employees filled newly created posts and 35,045 employees filled existing vacancies. The findings also indicate that, among the newly recruited employees, there were more females (19,433) than males (15,161). On the other hand, private sector had more new recruits with 51,251 employees compared to public sector with 18,388. It is further indicated that, occupations of service workers and shop sales workers; and technicians and associate professionals had larger number of new recruits with 15,515 employees and 15,346 employees, respectively. With regard to education qualification, the findings indicate that, number of males with tertiary education are more in the new recruits (8,279 employees) equivalent to 23.7 percent compared to female comprised of 4,559 employees (about 13.2 percent).
Moreover, it is established that, out of the total number of newly recruited employees, the largest proportion, 66.4 percent (46,262 employees) were employed on permanent basis followed by 25.3 percent (17,615 employees) who were engaged on contractual basis.
Job Vacancies
Analysis for job openings in the formal sector shows that, the largest proportion of job vacancies in 2015/16 (63.6 percent) were for technicians and associate professionals, followed by professionals (21.6 percent). The remaining occupations each had less than 5 percent of the total job vacancies. The majority of these jobs, (85.3 percent) did not require any working experience. Vacancies that required prior working experiences of 1-2 and 3-4 years constituted about 10.6 percent and 2.8 percent respectively.
The findings also reveal that, the largest proportion of the reported vacancies (93.3 percent) did not attach any sex preference for the potential candidates. However, 4.4 percent of vacancies preferred male employees compared to 2.3 percent which preferred female employees.
Employment Profile
The findings on employment profile reveal an increase in total employment in the formal sector from 2,334,969 employees in 2015 to 2,599,311 employees in 2016; which is an increase of 308,951 employees. The majority of employees are employed in the private sector (1,748,695 private and 850,616 public). Proportion of regular employment has increased from 88.2 percent in 2015 to 92.9 percent in 2016, while casual employment has decreased from 11.8 percent in 2015 to 7.1 under the same span of time. Education industry had the largest share of total employment with 18.5 percent followed by manufacturing industry (18.1 percent); and public administration and defence, compulsory social security industry with 13.6 percent of total employment. It is also indicated that there are more adult employees under regular employment (63.2 percent) compared to youth employees who accounted for 36.8 percent of the total regular employees. With regard to disability status, the results indicate that, there were 3,935 employees (about 0.2 percent of total employment in the formal sector) with various types of disabilities. The results also show that, Dar es Salaam region had the largest proportion of employment, with 31.2 percent of all employees, followed by Morogoro region (10.9 percent) and Arusha region (6.8 percent).
Wage Rates Profile
Regarding the wage rates of employees in the formal sector, the findings show that, overall in 2016, majority of citizen employees (22.9 percent) earned monthly wages between TZS 500,001 and 900,000. In the private sector however, there were more citizen employees in lower wage rates with 17.8 percent earning monthly wages between TZS 150,001 and 300,000 and 14.6 percent earning between TZS 100,001 and 150,000. For the public sector, about 15.3 percent of citizen employees earned between TZS 500,001 and 900,000 and about 8.1 percent earned monthly wages between TZS 300,001 and TZS 500,000. The findings also reveal that, about 4.5 percent of all citizen employees earned TZS 1,500,000 or above, with a slightly larger proportion in the private sector (2.7 percent) than public sector (1.8 percent).
Financial and insurance activities had the highest proportion of employees (33.3 percent) earning wages above TZS 1,500,000 followed by information and communication industry (22.1 percent). Conversely, construction, wholesale and retail trade and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles activities had larger proportions of their employees in lower wage rates between TZS 150,001 and 300,000.
Cash Earnings Profile
The findings indicate that, overall monthly average cash earnings for employees in the formal sector surged up slightly from TZS 403,729 in 2015 to TZS 448,462 in 2016. Monthly cash earnings in the public sector increased from TZS 1,063,064 in 2015 to TZS 1,243,945 in 2016, whereas in the private sector it increased slightly from TZS 353,589 to 362,400. The results boldly note that, on average, cash earnings for employees in the public sector were three times as much as that of the private sector.
In addition, analysis of monthly cash earnings by sector reveals that, parastatal organizations had the highest monthly average cash earnings of TZS 1,452,326, while profit making institutions had the lowest monthly average cash earnings of TZS 339,229. It is also found that in 2016, financial and insurance activities had the highest monthly average cash earnings of TZS 1,388,070 followed by public administration and defense; compulsory social security with TZS 1,292,652.
Annual Wage Bill Profile
Analysis on annual wage bill indicates that, overall, employers in public and private sectors had collective annual wage bill of TZS 23,637 billion in 2016, with employers in private sector having higher annual wage bill than in the public sector. The largest annual wage bills were incurred by employers in private profit- making institutions amounting to TZS 9,536 billion followed by employers in private nonprofit -making institutions with TZS 5,295 billion. Employers in parastatal institutions, including both non - profit and profit - making institutions had relatively smaller annual wage bills of TZS 662 billion and TZS 236 billion respectively. Results on annual wage bill by industry indicates that, the largest proportion of wage bill were in the education industry with 20.4 percent. Public administration and defence; compulsory social security had the second largest annual wage bill of 16.6 percent.
Newly Recruited Workers
The findings on the newly recruited workers reveal that, total number of newly recruited workers in 2016 was 69,639 of which 34,594 employees filled newly created posts and 35,045 employees filled existing vacancies. The findings also indicate that, among the newly recruited employees, there were more females (19,433) than males (15,161). On the other hand, private sector had more new recruits with 51,251 employees compared to public sector with 18,388. It is further indicated that, occupations of service workers and shop sales workers; and technicians and associate professionals had larger number of new recruits with 15,515 employees and 15,346 employees, respectively. With regard to education qualification, the findings indicate that, number of males with tertiary education are more in the new recruits (8,279 employees) equivalent to 23.7 percent compared to female comprised of 4,559 employees (about 13.2 percent).
Moreover, it is established that, out of the total number of newly recruited employees, the largest proportion, 66.4 percent (46,262 employees) were employed on permanent basis followed by 25.3 percent (17,615 employees) who were engaged on contractual basis.
Job Vacancies
Analysis for job openings in the formal sector shows that, the largest proportion of job vacancies in 2015/16 (63.6 percent) were for technicians and associate professionals, followed by professionals (21.6 percent). The remaining occupations each had less than 5 percent of the total job vacancies. The majority of these jobs, (85.3 percent) did not require any working experience. Vacancies that required prior working experiences of 1-2 and 3-4 years constituted about 10.6 percent and 2.8 percent respectively.
The findings also reveal that, the largest proportion of the reported vacancies (93.3 percent) did not attach any sex preference for the potential candidates. However, 4.4 percent of vacancies preferred male employees compared to 2.3 percent which preferred female employees.
Kind of Data
Sample survey data [ssd]
Unit of Analysis
Formal Establishment.
Version
Version Description
V0.1:
Version Date
2018-05
Scope
Notes
The EES scope is delimited to formal establishments dealing with any of the economic activities with exception of activities of households as employers and activities of extraterritorial organizations.
-The Employment and Earnings Survey (EES) is an establishment- based survey conducted annually in Tanzania Mainland by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS).
-The survey covers formal establishments with employees in both private and public sectors. The establishments are divided into three main categories which are all public -sector establishments,
all registered private establishments employing at least 50 persons and a sample of all registered private establishments whose number of employees are from 5 to 49 persons.
-The Employment and Earnings Survey (EES) is an establishment- based survey conducted annually in Tanzania Mainland by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS).
-The survey covers formal establishments with employees in both private and public sectors. The establishments are divided into three main categories which are all public -sector establishments,
all registered private establishments employing at least 50 persons and a sample of all registered private establishments whose number of employees are from 5 to 49 persons.
Keywords
| Keyword | Vocabulary | URI |
|---|---|---|
| Employment and Earnings | Earnings | Link |
Coverage
Geographic Coverage
Tanzania Mainland Regions
Universe
The survey covers formal establishments with employees in both private and public sectors. The establishments are divided into three main categories which are all public -sector establishments, all registered private establishments employing at least 50 persons and a sample of all registered private establishments whose number of employees are from 5 to 49 persons.
Producers and sponsors
Primary investigators
| Name | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| National Bureau of Statistics | Ministry of Finance and Planning |
Funding Agency/Sponsor
| Name | Abbreviation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Ministry of Finance and planning | MoF | Financial Suport |
Sampling
Sampling Procedure
The Employment and Earnings Survey 2016 is an establishment- based survey covering a total of 9,628 establishments from a frame of 68,119 establishments. This frame consists of all public establishments and formal private establishments employing 5 persons and above.
As in previous surveys, the sampling unit of this survey is an establishment which is defined as a legal economic entity engaging itself in one main kind of economic activity at a fixed location.
The EES 2016 covered formal establishments in both private and public sectors in Tanzania Mainland in such a way that they formed a representative sample, reflecting the level and magnitude of the economic activities within their respective industrial groups. The EES sample was based on a sampling frame obtained from the Central Register of Establishments (CRE) developed and maintained by NBS. The existing sampling frame was developed on the basis of International Standard Industrial Classification Revision 4 (ISIC Rev.4).
The survey covered all public -sector establishments and private sector establishments with at least 50 employees. Furthermore, the survey covered a sample of private establishments employing 5 to 49 persons. The sampling for this group involved stratifying establishments into those with 5 to 9 employees and those with 10 to 49 persons. Establishments in these strata were further stratified on the basis of their economic activities and ultimately a single stage sampling technique was used to derive representative establishments from each activity using the probability proportion to size (PPS).
As in previous surveys, the sampling unit of this survey is an establishment which is defined as a legal economic entity engaging itself in one main kind of economic activity at a fixed location.
The EES 2016 covered formal establishments in both private and public sectors in Tanzania Mainland in such a way that they formed a representative sample, reflecting the level and magnitude of the economic activities within their respective industrial groups. The EES sample was based on a sampling frame obtained from the Central Register of Establishments (CRE) developed and maintained by NBS. The existing sampling frame was developed on the basis of International Standard Industrial Classification Revision 4 (ISIC Rev.4).
The survey covered all public -sector establishments and private sector establishments with at least 50 employees. Furthermore, the survey covered a sample of private establishments employing 5 to 49 persons. The sampling for this group involved stratifying establishments into those with 5 to 9 employees and those with 10 to 49 persons. Establishments in these strata were further stratified on the basis of their economic activities and ultimately a single stage sampling technique was used to derive representative establishments from each activity using the probability proportion to size (PPS).
Response Rate
90.8
Weighting
Sample weights were calculated for each of the data files.
Sample weights for the establishments data were computed.
Weight
The weights for the strata were calculated by using the simple expression denoted as:-
Weight = N/n
Where: N = Total number of establishments in the sampling frame
n = Total number of establishments that responded
Sample weights for the establishments data were computed.
Weight
The weights for the strata were calculated by using the simple expression denoted as:-
Weight = N/n
Where: N = Total number of establishments in the sampling frame
n = Total number of establishments that responded
Data Collection
Dates of Data Collection
| Start | End |
|---|---|
| 2016 | 2016 |
Data Collection Mode
Face-to-face [f2f]
Supervision
Interviewing was conducted by teams of interviewers.
The role of the supervisor was to coordinate field data collection activities.
The role of the supervisor was to coordinate field data collection activities.
Data Collection Notes
Training of enumerator was conducted.
Data Collectors
| Name | Abbreviation | Affiliation |
|---|---|---|
| National Burea of Statistics | NBS | Ministry of Finance and Planning |
Questionnaires
Questionnaires
The establishment based questionnaires were developed in English, and were translated into Kiswahili Language.
Data Processing
Data Editing
Data editing took place at a number of stages throughout the processing, including:
a) Office editing and coding
b) During data entry.
c) Structural checking of SPSS data files.
a) Office editing and coding
b) During data entry.
c) Structural checking of SPSS data files.
Data Appraisal
Estimates of Sampling Error
Estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: 1) non-sampling errors and 2) sampling errors. Non-sampling errors are the results of mistakes made in the implementation of data collection and data processing. Numerous efforts were made during implementation of the EES 2016 to minimize this type of error, however, non-sampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.
Access policy
Contacts
| Name | Affiliation | URL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Survey Director | National Bureau of Statistics | dg@nbs.go.tz | www.nbs.go.tz |
Confidentiality
Confidentiality of respondents is guaranteed by The Statistics Act, No.9 of 2015 Before being granted access to the dataset, all users have formally agreed:
Access conditions
Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) considered three levels of accessibility:
1) Public use files, accessible by all
2) Licensed datasets, accessible under certain conditions
3) Datasets only accessible on location, for certain datasets
The dataset has been anonymized and available as a public use dataset. It accessible to all for statistical and research purposes only, under the following terms and conditions:
1. The data and other material will not be redistributed or sold to other individuals, institutions, or organization without the written agreement of the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics.
2. The data will be used for statistical and scientific research purposes only. They will be used solely for reporting of aggregated information, and not for investigation of specific individuals or organizations.
3. No attempt will be made to produce links among dataset provided by the National Bureau of Statistics, or among data from the (National Bureau of Statistics) and other datasets that could identify individuals or organizations.
4. No attempt will be made to re-identify respondents, and no use will be made of the identify of any person or establishment discovered inadvertently. Any such discovery would immediately be reported to the National Bureau of Statistics.
5. Any books, articles, conference papers, theses, dissertations, reports, or other publications that employ data obtained from the National Bureau of Statistics will cite the source of data in accordance with the Citation Requirement provided with each dataset.
1) Public use files, accessible by all
2) Licensed datasets, accessible under certain conditions
3) Datasets only accessible on location, for certain datasets
The dataset has been anonymized and available as a public use dataset. It accessible to all for statistical and research purposes only, under the following terms and conditions:
1. The data and other material will not be redistributed or sold to other individuals, institutions, or organization without the written agreement of the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics.
2. The data will be used for statistical and scientific research purposes only. They will be used solely for reporting of aggregated information, and not for investigation of specific individuals or organizations.
3. No attempt will be made to produce links among dataset provided by the National Bureau of Statistics, or among data from the (National Bureau of Statistics) and other datasets that could identify individuals or organizations.
4. No attempt will be made to re-identify respondents, and no use will be made of the identify of any person or establishment discovered inadvertently. Any such discovery would immediately be reported to the National Bureau of Statistics.
5. Any books, articles, conference papers, theses, dissertations, reports, or other publications that employ data obtained from the National Bureau of Statistics will cite the source of data in accordance with the Citation Requirement provided with each dataset.
Citation requirements
National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) [Tanzania]. 2016. Employment and Earning Survey (EES) - 2016. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: NBS.
Access authority
| Name | Affiliation | URL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| National Bureau of Statistics | Ministry of Finance and Planning | sg@nbs.go.tz | Link |
Disclaimer and copyrights
Disclaimer
The user of the data should acknowledge that, Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics is the original collector of the data, the authorized distributor of the data, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for use of the data or for interpretations or inferences without a written agreement from the National Bureau of Statistics.
Copyright
(c) 2016, National Bureau of Statistics
Metadata production
DDI Document ID
DDI-TZA-NBS-EES-2016-v01.
Producers
| Name | Abbreviation | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|---|
| National Bureau of Statistics | NBS | Ministry of Finance and Planning | Data Producer |
Date of Metadata Production
2023-12-08
DDI Document version
Version 1.0